PREPRINT(S)
Functional group introduction and aromatic unit variation in a set of π‑conjugated macrocycles: revealing the central role of local and global aromaticity [Preprint link, open access]
M. Rimmele, W. Nogala, M. Seif-Eddine, M. M. Roessler, M. Heeney, F. Plasser,* F. Glöcklhofer*
π-Conjugated macrocycles are molecules with unique properties that are increasingly exploited for applications and the question of whether they can sustain global aromatic or antiaromatic ring currents is particularly intriguing. However, there are only a small number of experimental studies that investigate how the properties of π-conjugated macrocycles evolve with systematic structural changes. Here, we present such a systematic experimental study of a set of [2.2.2.2]cyclophanetetraenes, all with formally Hückel antiaromatic ground states, and combine it with an in-depth computational analysis. The study reveals the central role of local and global aromaticity for rationalizing the observed optoelectronic properties, ranging from extremely large Stokes shifts of up to 1.6 eV to reversible fourfold reduction, a highly useful feature for charge storage/accumulation applications. A recently developed method for the visualization of chemical shielding tensors (VIST) is applied to provide unique insight into local and global ring currents occurring in different planes along the macrocycle. Conformational changes as a result of the structural variations can further explain some of the observations. The study contributes to the development of structure–property relationships and molecular design guidelines and will help to understand, rationalize, and predict the properties of other π-conjugated macrocycles.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
13 corresponding author papers shown in frames
2021
28. Visualisation of Chemical Shielding Tensors (VIST) to Elucidate Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity [Link, open access] [Preprint link, open access]
F. Plasser,* F. Glöcklhofer
Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2021, 2021, 2529-2539. DOI:10.1002/ejoc.202100352
Aromaticity is a central concept in chemistry, pervading areas from biochemistry to materials science. Recently, chemists also started to exploit intricate phenomena such as the interplay of local and global (anti)aromaticity or aromaticity in non‐planar systems and three dimensions. These phenomena pose new challenges in terms of our fundamental understanding and the practical visualisation of aromaticity. To overcome these challenges, a method for the visualisation of chemical shielding tensors (VIST) is developed here that allows for a 3D visualisation with quantitative information about the local variations and anisotropy of the chemical shielding. After exemplifying the method in different planar hydrocarbons, we study two non‐planar macrocycles to show the unique benefits of the VIST method for molecules with competing pi‐conjugated systems and conclude with a norcorrole dimer showing clear evidence of through‐space aromaticity. We believe that the VIST method will be a highly valuable addition to the computational toolbox.
27. Tetradiketone macrocycle for divalent aluminium ion batteries [Link, open access]
D.-J. Yoo, M. Heeney, F. Glöcklhofer,* J. W. Choi*
Contrary to early motivation, the majority of aluminium ion batteries developed to date do not utilise multivalent ion storage; rather, these batteries rely on monovalent complex ions for their main redox reaction. This limitation is somewhat frustrating because the innate advantages of metallic aluminium such as its low cost and high air stability cannot be fully taken advantage of. Here, we report a tetradiketone macrocycle as an aluminium ion battery cathode material that reversibly reacts with divalent (AlCl2+) ions and consequently achieves a high specific capacity of 350 mAh g−1 along with a lifetime of 8000 cycles. The preferred storage of divalent ions over their competing monovalent counterparts can be explained by the relatively unstable discharge state when using monovalent AlCl2+ ions, which exert a moderate resonance effect to stabilise the structure. This study opens an avenue to realise truly multivalent aluminium ion batteries based on organic active materials, by tuning the relative stability of discharged states with carrier ions of different valence states.
26. The influence of alkyl group regiochemistry and backbone fluorination on the packing and transistor performance of N-cyanoimine functionalised indacenodithiophenes [Link, open access]
T. Hodsden, K. J. Thorley, A. Basu, A. J. P. White, C. Wang, W. Mitchell, F. Glöcklhofer, T. D. Anthopoulos, M. Heeney*
The synthesis of two novel n-type molecular organic semiconductors based on a fluorinated indacenodithiophene core in combination with an electron withdrawing N-cyanoimine group is reported, and the influence of the regiochemistry of the solubilizing sidechain is investigated. The N-cyanoimine is confirmed to be a strongly electron accepting group, which in combination with the core fluorination resulted in high electron affinities for both materials. Single crystal analysis demonstrated that whilst both materials arrange in ordered slipped stacks with close π-π stacking distances (~ 3.40 Å), significant differences in electron transfer integrals for the two regioisomers were observed, relating to differences in relative molecular displacement along the π-stacking direction. Organic thin-film transistors fabricated via blade-coating displayed electron mobility up to 0.13 cm2 V-1 s-1 for the isomer with the larger transfer integral.
25. One‐step Six‐fold Cyanation of Benzothiadiazole Acceptor Units for Air‐Stable High‐Performance n‐Type Organic Field‐Effect Transistors [Link, open access]
P. Kafourou, B. Park, J. Luke, L. Tan, J. Panidi, F. Glöcklhofer, J. Kim, T. D. Anthopoulos, J.-S. Kim, K. Lee, S. Kwon,* M. Heeney*
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 5970-5977. DOI:10.1002/anie.202013625
Angew. Chem. 2021, 133, 6035-6042. DOI:10.1002/ange.202013625
We report a new high electron affinity acceptor end group for organic semiconductors, 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole‐4,5,6‐tricarbonitrile (TCNBT). An n‐type organic semiconductor with an indacenodithiophene (IDT) core and TCNBT end groups was synthesized by a six‐fold nucleophilic substitution with cyanides on a fluorinated precursor, itself prepared by a direct arylation approach. This one‐step chemical modification was found to significantly impact the molecular properties: the fluorinated precursor, TFBT IDT, a poor ambipolar semiconductor, was converted into TCNBT IDT, a good n‐type semiconductor. The highly electron‐deficient end group TCNBT dramatically decreased the energy of the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO/LUMO) compared to the fluorinated analogue and improved the molecular orientation when utilized in n‐type organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). Solution‐processed OFETs based on TCNBT IDT exhibited a charge carrier mobility of up to µe ≈ 0.15 cm2 V‐1 s‐1 with excellent ambient stability for 100 hours, highlighting the benefits of the cyanated end group and the synthetic approach.
2020
24. Multibranched aliphatic side chains for π-conjugated polymers with a high density of ‘unshielded’ aromatics [Link, open access]
S. Wang, J. Shaw, Y. Han, Z. Fei, F. Glöcklhofer,* M. Heeney*
The synthesis of strongly solubilising multibranched aliphatic side chains for π-conjugated polymers is reported. The solubilising capability of the side chains and their effect on the polymer properties are studied on the example of copolymers composed of up to six unsubstituted, ‘unshielded’ thiophene units per side chain-substituted naphthalene diimide unit.
23. Double Ring-Closing Approach for the Synthesis of 2,3,6,7-Substituted Anthracene Derivatives [Link] [Preprint link, open access]
B. Meindl,# K. Pfennigbauer,# B. Stöger, M. Heeney, F. Glöcklhofer* (# contributed equally)
J. Org. Chem. 2020, 85, 8240-8244. DOI:10.1021/acs.joc.0c00826
A method for the synthesis of 2,3,6,7-substituted anthracene derivatives, one of the most challenging anthracene substitution patterns to obtain, is presented. The method is exemplified by the preparation of 2,3,6,7-anthracenetetracarbonitrile and employs a newly developed, stable, protected 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarbaldehyde as the precursor. The precursor can be obtained in two scalable synthetic steps from 2,5-dibromoterephthalaldehyde and is converted into the anthracene derivative by a double intermolecular Wittig reaction under very mild conditions, followed by a deprotection and intramolecular double ring-closing condensation reaction.
22. Switching between Local and Global Aromaticity in a Conjugated Macrocycle for High-Performance Organic Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes [Link, open access]
S. Eder,# D.-J. Yoo,# W. Nogala, M. Pletzer, A. Santana Bonilla, A. J. P. White, K. E. Jelfs, M. Heeney, J. W. Choi,* F. Glöcklhofer* (# contributed equally)
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 12958-12964. DOI:10.1002/anie.202003386
Angew. Chem. 2020, 132, 13058-13064. DOI:10.1002/ange.202003386
Aromatic organic compounds can be used as electrode materials in rechargeable batteries and are expected to advance the development of both anode and cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, most aromatic organic compounds assessed as anode materials in SIBs to date exhibit significant degradation issues under fast‐charge/discharge conditions and unsatisfying long‐term cycling performance. Now, a molecular design concept is presented for improving the stability of organic compounds for battery electrodes. The molecular design of the investigated compound, [2.2.2.2]paracyclophane‐1,9,17,25‐tetraene (PCT), can stabilize the neutral state by local aromaticity and the doubly reduced state by global aromaticity, resulting in an anode material with extraordinarily stable cycling performance and outstanding performance under fast‐charge/discharge conditions, demonstrating an exciting new path for the development of electrode materials for SIBs and other types of batteries.
21. Hydrothermal Generation of Conjugated Polymers Using the Example of Pyrrone Polymers and Polybenzimidazoles [Link, open access]
M. J. Taublaender, S. Mezzavilla, S. Thiele, F. Glöcklhofer, M. M. Unterlass*
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 15050-15060. DOI:10.1002/anie.202000367
Angew. Chem. 2020, 132, 15160-15171. DOI:10.1002/ange.202000367
Various polyimides and polyamides have recently been prepared via hydrothermal synthesis in nothing but H2O under high‐pressure and high‐temperature conditions. However, none of the prepared polymers feature a truly conjugated polymer backbone. Here, we report on an expansion of the synthetic scope of this straightforward and inherently environmentally friendly polymerization technique to the generation of conjugated polymers. Selected representatives of two different polymer classes, pyrrone polymers and polybenzimidazoles, were generated hydrothermally. We present a mechanistic discussion of the polymer formation process as well as an electrochemical characterization of the most promising product.
20. Core Fluorination Enhances Solubility and Ambient Stability of an IDT‐Based n‐Type Semiconductor in Transistor Devices [Link] [Repository link, open access]
T. Hodsden, K. J. Thorley, J. Panidi, A. Basu, A. V. Marsh, H. Dai, A. J. P. White, C. Wang, W. Mitchell, F. Glöcklhofer, T. D. Anthopoulos,* M. Heeney*
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2000325. DOI:10.1002/adfm.202000325
The synthesis of a novel fluorinated n‐type small molecule based on an indacenodithiophene core is reported. Fluorination is found to have a significant impact on the physical properties, including a surprisingly dramatic improvement in solubility, in addition to effectively stabilizing the lowest‐unoccupied molecular orbital energy (−4.24 eV). Single‐crystal analysis and density functional theory calculations indicate the improved solubility can be attributed to backbone torsion resulting from the positioning of the fluorine group in close proximity to the strongly electron‐withdrawing dicyanomethylene group. Organic thin‐film transistors made via blade coating display high electron mobility (up to 0.49 cm2 V−1 s−1) along with good retention of performance in ambient conditions.
2019
19. Effect of Symmetric and Asymmetric Substitution on the Optoelectronic Properties of 9,10-Dicyanoanthracene [Link] [Preprint link, open access]
F. Glöcklhofer,*# A. Rosspeintner,*# P. Pasitsuparoad, S. Eder, J. Fröhlich, G. Angulo, E. Vauthey, F. Plasser* (# contributed equally)
Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. 2019, 4, 951-961. DOI:10.1039/c9me00040b
18. Fast and selective post-polymerization modification of conjugated polymers using dimethyldioxirane [Link, open access] [Preprint link, open access]
E. Reichsöllner, A. Creamer, S. Cong, A. Casey, S. Eder, M. Heeney, F. Glöcklhofer*
17. Thioalkyl- and Sulfone-Substituted Poly(p-Phenylene Vinylene)s [Link] [Preprint link, open access]
M. Rimmele, K. Ableidinger, A. V. Marsh, N. J. Cheetham, M. J. Taublaender, A. Buchner, J. Prinz, J. Fröhlich, M. M. Unterlass, M. Heeney, F. Glöcklhofer*
2018
16. Green and Rapid Hydrothermal Crystallization and Synthesis of Fully Conjugated Aromatic Compounds [Link, open access]
M. J. Taublaender, F. Glöcklhofer, M. Marchetti-Deschmann, M. M. Unterlass*
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 12270-12274. DOI:10.1002/anie.201801277
15. Synthesis of 1,2,5,6- and 1,4,5,8-anthracenetetrone: Building blocks for π-conjugated small molecules and polymers [Link, open access] [Preprint link, open access]
F. Glöcklhofer,* B. Stöger, J. Fröhlich
Synth. Commun. 2018, 48, 2358-2365. DOI:10.1080/00397911.2018.1483027
2017
14. Extending the Scope of a New Cyanation: Design and Synthesis of an Anthracene Derivative with an Exceptionally Low LUMO Level and Improved Solubility [Link, open access]
F. Glöcklhofer,* A. J. Morawietz, B. Stöger, M. M. Unterlass, J. Fröhlich
13. Charge-transfer states in triazole linked donor–acceptor materials: strong effects of chemical modification and solvation [Link, open access]
P. Kautny, F. Glöcklhofer, T. Kader, J.-M. Mewes, B. Stöger, J. Fröhlich, D. Lumpi,* F. Plasser*
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017, 19, 18055-18067. DOI:10.1039/C7CP01664F
12. Dicyano- and tetracyanopentacene: foundation of an intriguing new class of easy-to-synthesize organic semiconductors [Link, open access]
F. Glöcklhofer,* A. Petritz, E. Karner, M. J. Bojdys, B. Stadlober, J. Fröhlich, M. M. Unterlass
J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 2603-2610. DOI:10.1039/C7TC00143F
11. Using Dicyanoanthracene Triflates as Superior Precursors: Modifying Properties by Sterically Hindered Aryl Substituents [Link] [Repository link, open access]
F. Glöcklhofer,* P. Kautny, P. Fritz, B. Stöger, J. Fröhlich
10. Thiophene ring-fragmentation reactions: Principles and scale-up towards NLO materials [Link] [Repository link, open access]
D. Lumpi,* J. Steindl, S. Steiner, V. Carl, P. Kautny, M. Schön, F. Glöcklhofer, B. Holzer, B. Stöger, E. Horkel, C. Hametner, G. Reider, M. D. Mihovilovic, J. Fröhlich
Tetrahedron 2017, 73, 472-480. DOI:10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.025
2016
9. A Versatile One-Pot Access to Cyanoarenes from ortho- and para-Quinones: Paving the Way for Cyanated Functional Materials [Link] [Repository link, open access]
F. Glöcklhofer,* M. Lunzer, B. Stöger, J. Fröhlich
Chem. - Eur. J. 2016, 22, 5173-5180. DOI:10.1002/chem.201600004
8. cis,trans,cis-1,2,3,4-Tetrakis[2-(ethylsulfanyl)phenyl]cyclobutane [Link, open access]
B. Sohr, F. Glöcklhofer, B. Stöger, M. Weil, J. Fröhlich
2013 - 2015
7. Facile Synthesis of Cyanoarenes from Quinones by Reductive Aromatization of Cyanohydrin Intermediates [Link] [Repository link, open access]
F. Glöcklhofer,* M. Lunzer, J. Fröhlich
6. Towards continuous junction (CJ) organic electronic devices: Fast and clean post-polymerization modification by oxidation using dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) [Link] [Repository link, open access]
F. Glöcklhofer, D. Lumpi,* M. Kohlstädt, O. Yurchenko, U. Würfel, J. Fröhlich
React. Funct. Polym. 2015, 86, 16-26. DOI:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.10.006
5. Multigram synthesis of bis[(trimethylsilyl) ethynyl]benzenes suitable for post-polymerization modification [Link] [Author version, open access]
F. Glöcklhofer, D. Lumpi,* B. Stöger, J. Fröhlich
4. Crystal structure of trans-1,4-bis[(trimethylsilyl) oxy]cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dicarbonitrile [Link, open access]
F. Glöcklhofer, J. Fröhlich, B. Stöger, M. Weil*
Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E 2014, 70, 77-79. DOI:10.1107/S1600536814014251
3. Crystal structures of 2,5-diazido-1,4-phenylene diacetate and 2,5-diazido-1,4-phenylene dibutyrate [Link, open access]
F. Glöcklhofer, J. Fröhlich, B. Stöger, M. Weil*
Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E 2014, 70, 39-42. DOI:10.1107/S1600536814013762
2. Systematic Investigations on 1,2,3-Triazole-Based Compounds Capable of Second Harmonic Generation [Link] [Repository link, open access]
D. Lumpi,* F. Glöcklhofer, B. Holzer, B. Stöger, C. Hametner, G. A. Reider, J. Fröhlich
Cryst. Growth Des. 2014, 14, 1018-1031. DOI:10.1021/cg4014762
1. Practical and Efficient Large-Scale Preparation of Dimethyldioxirane [Link]
H. Mikula,* D. Svatunek, D. Lumpi, F. Glöcklhofer, C. Hametner, J. Fröhlich
Org. Process Res. Dev. 2013, 17, 313-316. DOI:10.1021/op300338q
PRESENTATIONS
Presentations at conferences and symposia (not including poster presentations)
15th International Conference on Organic Electronics (ICOE2019), Hasselt, Belgium, 2019.
Talk: Room-temperature post-polymerization modification turning electron-rich into electron-poor conjugated polymers.
Synthesis of Organic Materials Symposium, Vienna, Austria, 2018.
Invited talk: Short Synthetic Routes to π-Conjugated Compounds for Organic Electronics and Beyond.
Bioelectrochemistry and more, an International Workshop, Wiener Neustadt, Austria, 2018.
Short talk: Synthesis of Dithioalkyl-substituted Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s.
Austrian Chemistry Days, Salzburg, Austria, 2017.
Talk: Preparation of Cyanated Aromatic Compounds from Quinones.
13th International Symposium on Functional π-Electron Systems (Fπ-13), Hong Kong, China, 2017.
Talk: Rational molecular design of cyanoarenes: A new synthetic method paving the way for cyanated functional materials.
Bioelectrochemistry and more, an International Workshop, Wiener Neustadt, Austria, 2016.
Short talk: Air-Stable Multi-Cyanated Acenes - A Novel Synthesis Paving the Way for Cyanated Functional Materials.
12th International Symposium on Functional π-Electron Systems (Fπ-12), Seattle, United States, 2015.
Talk: Developing continuous junction organic electronic devices - Progress from a chemical point of view.
Bioelectrochemistry and more, an International Workshop, Wiener Neustadt, Austria, 2015.
Short talk: Inversion Of Material Properties By Post-Polymerization Modification.
International Forum/Competition of Young Researchers, Saint Petersburg, Russia, 2012.
Talk: Z-(alkylthio)alkenyl-based Compounds as Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials.
Invited presentations at universities
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, 2019, invited by Prof. Christian Müller.
Talk: Synthesis and Room-Temperature Post-Polymerization Modification of Thioalkyl-Substituted Conjugated Polymers.
Imperial College London, UK, 2017, invited by Prof. Martin Heeney.
Talk: Synthesis of Cyanoarenes from Quinones: Paving the Way for Cyanated Functional Materials.
COVER GALLERY
